Paleohydraulics and Complexity Theory: Perspectives on Self Organization of Ancient Societies

Complexity theory provides a path toward understanding the development of ancient Andean societal progress from early settlements to later high population states. The use modern hydraulic engineering methods develop an technical achievements societies (paleohydraulics), when combined with complexity theory, role guide increase and group cooperation on kin statehood. An example case illustrating paleohydraulics-complexity connection is presented for advancement pre-Columbian Bolivian Tiwanaku (600–1100 CE) society through their seasonal control groundwater levels in urban city areas. This feature provided well water availability housing, public fountains, hygienic health benefits habitation dampness levels, year-round basis intra-city specialty crops, structural foundational stability monumental religious structures. Commensurate this application, raised-field systems utilized technologies support multi-cropping agriculture growing demands. Paleohydraulics together applied other major South American (Caral, Tiwanaku, Chimú, Wari, Inka) illustrate influence advanced advances origins